老齐教室

创建 Python 包

如果你和我一样,希望将编写的 Python 实用程序与同事共享,最好的方法是制作一个软件包:它很容易安装,而且不需要复制粘贴。

不过,如果对其中的方法不熟悉,可能会感到头痛。下面就分几步介绍创建 Python 包的方法,供大家参考。

基本结构

创建一个名为podsearch的目录,进入这个目录,并创建一个虚拟环境(关于虚拟环境的文章,请参阅《Python 虚拟环境》

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$ mkdir podsearch
$ cd podsearch
$ python3 -m venv env
$ . env/bin/activate

然后在此目录中创建一个文件__init__.py,并写入下述函数。

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.
├── .gitignore
└── podsearch
└── __init__.py
"""Let's find some podcasts!"""

__version__ = "0.1.0"


def search(name, count=5):
"""Search podcast by name."""
raise NotImplementedError()

测试包

用传统的方法,比较麻烦,这里推荐一个工具:flit,它可以简化一切。安装它:

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pip install flit

安装之后,执行如下操作:

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$ flit init
Module name [podsearch]:
Author [Anton Zhiyanov]:
Author email [m@antonz.org]:
Home page [https://github.com/nalgeon/podsearch-py]:
Choose a license (see http://choosealicense.com/ for more info)
1. MIT - simple and permissive
2. Apache - explicitly grants patent rights
3. GPL - ensures that code based on this is shared with the same terms
4. Skip - choose a license later
Enter 1-4 [1]: 1

Written pyproject.toml; edit that file to add optional extra info.

在这里,用 flit 创建了pyproject.toml 文件,这是一个元数据文件,它具有将软件包发布到 PyPI 所需的一切配置。

当然,一定要在 TestPyPi](https://test.pypi.org/)(测试库)和 PyPI(主要的存储库)注册,这两个地方的账号是完全独立的,所以你需要两个。

~/.pypirc中设置对存储库的访问:

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[distutils]
index-servers =
pypi
pypitest

[pypi]
username: nalgeon # replace with your PyPI username

[pypitest]
repository: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
username: nalgeon # replace with your TestPyPI username

并将包发布到测试存储库:

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$ flit publish --repository pypitest
Found 4 files tracked in git
...
Package is at https://test.pypi.org/project/podsearch/

搞定!可以在 TestPyPi 上获取该软件包。

公共包

把文件中的代码修改一下,让它真的有用。

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# ...

SEARCH_URL = "https://itunes.apple.com/search"

@dataclass
class Podcast:
"""Podcast metadata."""

id: str
name: str
author: str
url: str
feed: Optional[str] = None
category: Optional[str] = None
image: Optional[str] = None


def search(name: str, limit: int = 5) -> List[Podcast]:
"""Search podcast by name."""
params = {"term": name, "limit": limit, "media": "podcast"}
response = _get(url=SEARCH_URL, params=params)
return _parse(response)

并发布到主存储库 PyPI 。

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flit publish

搞定!

为了使软件包更易于使用,我建议你再多做点事情。

文档

没有人喜欢写文档。但是如果没有文档,别人不了解你的东西,所以添加README.md以及CHANGELOG.md.

readme.md添加到pyproject.toml,这样 PyPI 就会在这个包的页面上显示它:

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description-file = "README.md"

指定所支持的最低 Python 版本:

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requires-python = ">=3.7"

更新 __init__.py 中的版本,并通过flit publish发布这个包:

测试

下面关注格式化(black)、测试覆盖率(coverage)、代码质量(flake8pylintmccabe)和静态分析(mypy)等,通过tox来执行所有操作。

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$ pip install black coverage flake8 mccabe mypy pylint pytest tox

tox.ini中创建 tox 配置

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[tox]
isolated_build = True
envlist = py37,py38,py39

[testenv]
deps =
black
coverage
flake8
mccabe
mypy
pylint
pytest
commands =
black podsearch
flake8 podsearch
pylint podsearch
mypy podsearch
coverage erase
coverage run --include=podsearch/* -m pytest -ra
coverage report -m

tox.ini 进行所有的检测:

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$ tox -e py39
...
py39 run-test: commands[0] | black podsearch
All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨
...
py39 run-test: commands[2] | pylint podsearch
Your code has been rated at 10.00/10 (previous run: 10.00/10, +0.00)
...
py39 run-test: commands[6] | coverage report -m
TOTAL 100%
...
py39: commands succeeded
congratulations :)

太好了!测试通过,覆盖率100%。

云构建

每个可靠的开源项目都会在每次提交后运行云测试,所以此处亦然。

GitHub Actions 构建项目,用Codecov 检查测试覆盖率,用 Code Climate检查代码质量。

必须注册Codecov和Code Climate(都支持GitHub登录),并在设置中启用包存储库。

之后,将GitHub Actions build config添加到.github/workflows/build.yml:

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# ...
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
strategy:
matrix:
python-version: [3.7, 3.8, 3.9]

env:
USING_COVERAGE: "3.9"

steps:
- name: Checkout sources
uses: actions/checkout@v2

- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v2
with:
python-version: $

- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install black coverage flake8 flit mccabe mypy pylint pytest tox tox-gh-actions

- name: Run tox
run: |
python -m tox

- name: Upload coverage to Codecov
uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
if: contains(env.USING_COVERAGE, matrix.python-version)
with:
fail_ci_if_error: true

build.yml

GitHub通过“tox”进行测试,就像我们前面所做的一样。 tox-gh-actions 包 和USING_COVERAGE 设置确保tox使用与GitHub Actions相同的Python版本,正如strategy.matrix所要求的那样(参阅Hynek Schlawak中的说明。)

最后一步将测试覆盖发送到Codecov。Code Climate不需要单独的步骤—它自动发现存储库的更改。

现在提交、推送和享受这一成果。让每个人都可以享受这一成果 - 把徽章添加到’ README.md ‘:

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[![PyPI Version][pypi-image]][pypi-url]
[![Build Status][build-image]][build-url]
[![Code Coverage][coverage-image]][coverage-url]
[![Code Quality][quality-image]][quality-url]

...

<!-- Badges -->

[pypi-image]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/podsearch
[pypi-url]: https://pypi.org/project/podsearch/
[build-image]: https://github.com/nalgeon/podsearch-py/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg
[build-url]: https://github.com/nalgeon/podsearch-py/actions/workflows/build.yml
[coverage-image]: https://codecov.io/gh/nalgeon/podsearch-py/branch/main/graph/badge.svg
[coverage-url]: https://codecov.io/gh/nalgeon/podsearch-py
[quality-image]: https://api.codeclimate.com/v1/badges/3130fa0ba3b7993fbf0a/maintainability
[quality-url]: https://codeclimate.com/github/nalgeon/podsearch-py

是不是很cool

任务自动化

tox很好,但对开发不是很方便。运行诸如pylint、coverage等单个命令会更快,但这些命令非常冗长,因此我们将把这些枯燥的东西自动化。

Makefile为频繁的操作创建简短的别名:

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.DEFAULT_GOAL := help
.PHONY: coverage deps help lint push test

coverage: ## Run tests with coverage
coverage erase
coverage run --include=podsearch/* -m pytest -ra
coverage report -m

deps: ## Install dependencies
pip install black coverage flake8 mccabe mypy pylint pytest tox

lint: ## Lint and static-check
flake8 podsearch
pylint podsearch
mypy podsearch

push: ## Push code with tags
git push && git push --tags

test: ## Run tests
pytest -ra

Makefile

以下是我们的任务:

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$ make help
Usage: make [task]

task help
------ ----
coverage Run tests with coverage
deps Install dependencies
lint Lint and static-check
push Push code with tags
test Run tests
help Show help message

要使代码更简洁,请使用“make”调用来替换原始的build.yml步骤:

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- name: Install dependencies
run: |
make deps

- name: Run tox
run: |
make tox

云发布

在GitHub可以运行flit publish。我们来创建一个单独的工作流:

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name: publish

on:
release:
types: [created]

jobs:
publish:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout sources
uses: actions/checkout@v2

- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v2
with:
python-version: "3.9"

- name: Install dependencies
run: |
make deps

- name: Publish to PyPi
env:
FLIT_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.PYPI_USERNAME }}
FLIT_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_PASSWORD }}
run: |
make publish

publish.yml

PYPI_USERNAMEPYPI_PASSWORD放在存储库设置((Settings > Secrets > New repository secret)中。使用你的PyPi用户名和密码,或者使用 API token.

现在,只要创建一个新版本,GitHub就会自动发布这个包。

正确配置下面的文件,能让你发布的内容更漂亮:

参考文献

https://antonz.org/python-packaging/?continueFlag=27ecc1d264efd99fc7f058dae314b3d9

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